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I think the passage can be better understood by the passages surrounding it and understanding the history surrounding this time. I think this link provides a very good answer and so I will quote it... not trying to be lazy, I just don't think I could word it any differently.
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Thanks for the article. It is prudent though to examine Islamic Law - what does it demand?
The Prophet Muhammad said, "No babe is born but upon Fitra (as a Muslim). It is his parents who make him a Jew or a Christian or a Polytheist." (Sahih Muslim, Book 033, Number 6426)
As Islam teaches no one really converts to Islam, they revert.
Infidel is a commonly used western word, nevertheless, lets examine their terminology.
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Kafir - Non-Muslim
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Kufr - Unbelief/infidelity
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Apostate - One who denies the ultimate truth of Islam.
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Apostacy - The act of any one who, after accepting faith in Allah, utters Unbelief, and leaves the faith.
(Reliance of the Traveller - index for above - see pages 1132,1170,1172,1207).
What does Islamic Law say ? (Shariah)
Unbelief (Kufr)
c2.5 The unlawful (haram) is what the Law giver strictly forbids. Someone who commits an unlawful act deserves punishment...
(3) and unbelief (kufr), sins which put one beyond the pale of Islam (as discussed at o8.7) and neccessitate stating the Testification of faith (Shahada)...
o4:17 There is no indemnity for killing a non-Muslim...
(pgs 588-595)
o8.7 (2) to intend to commit unbelief, even if in the future. And like this intention is hesitating whether to do so or not: one therby immediately commits unbelief:
(15) to hold that any of Allah's messengers or prophets are liars, or to deny their being sent:
(19) to be sarcastic about any ruling of the Sacred Law:
(these are but a few)
BACK TO o8.0
o8.1 When a person who has reached puberty and is sane voluntarily apostatizes from Islam, he deserves to be killed.
o8.2 In such a case, it is obligatory for the caliph (A: or his representative) to ask him to repent and return to Islam. If he does, it is accepted from him, but if he refuses, he is immediately killed
(Reliance of the Traveller: A Classic Manual of Islamic Sacred Law Pages 30-45, 588-595, 595-610).
http://www.amazon.com/Reliance-Trave.../dp/0915957728
Edited to add:
o9.6 (A: though if there is no caliph (def: o25), no permission is required).
o9.8 The caliph (see above) makes war upon Jews, Christians, and Zoroastrians (N: provided he has first invited them to enter Islam in faith and practice, and if they will not, then invited them to enter the social order of Islam by paying the non-Muslim poll tax (jizya, def: o11.4) - which is the significance of their paying it, not the money itself-while remaining in their ancestral regions) (O: and the war continues) until they become Muslim or else pay the non-Muslim poll tax (O: in accordance with the word of Allah Most High.
**"Fight those who do not believe in Allah and the Last Day and who forbid not what Allah and His messenger have forbidden--who do not practice the religion of truth, being of those who have been given the Book--until they pay the poll tax out of hand are humbled"** (Koran 9:29)
(pg 602-603)
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Following the completion of the treaty, Surah 9:5 was written allowing the Muslims to revolt against their Pagan oppressors who were not allowing them to complete their Hajj.
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Unless all pagans play the game of Zakat and Salat, the forbidden months are four months in which no warfare was allowed. Once these months have passed, it becomes an obligation for Muslims to go out and kill some pagans in accordance with the Qur'an in its context - Muhammad himself fought many wars during those sacred months.
I'll offer you a challenge
if you go on the Hajj unannounced with a visible cross around your neck and a bible in hand, I will buy you your favorite bottle of whiskey
http://www.answering-islam.org/Silas/swordverse.htm